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576 Part IV . Running Applications If you want to specify a particular printer (other than the default), add the -Pprinter option. For example, to print to the lp0 printer, type the following: $ lpr -Plp0 file.ps If you want to print more than one copy of a document, use the -#num option, where num is replaced by the number of copies you want. For example, to print five copies of a file, use: $ lpr -#5 file.ps The lpr command can also accept standard output for printing. For example, you can print the output of a groff command by piping that output to lpr as follows: $ groff -Tps -man /tmp/chown.1 | lpr -Plp0 The enscript command (in the enscript package) is another useful tool for printing plain-text files. It converts the files to PostScript and sends them to a printer or to a specified file. Checking the Print Queues To check the status of print jobs that have been queued, you can use the lpq command. By itself, lpq prints a listing of jobs that are in the queue for the default printer. For example: $ lpq hp is ready and printing Rank Owner Job Files Total Size active root 3 hosts 1024 bytes 1st root 7 (stdin) 625 bytes 2nd root 8 memo1.ps 12273 bytes 3rd chuck 9 bikes.ps 10880 bytes The output from lpq shows the printer status and the files waiting to be printed. Rank lists the order in which they are in the queue. Owner is the user who queued the job. Job shows the job number. The Files column shows the name of the file or standard output (if the file was piped or directed to lpr). Total Size shows how large each file is in bytes. You can add options to lpq to print different kinds of information. By adding -Pprinter, you can see the queue for any available printer. You can also add the job number (to see the status of a particular print job) or a username (to see all queued jobs for a user). Tip
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Chapter 21 . Working with Words and Images 575 Printing Documents in Linux Printing in most Linux systems these days is provided by the Common UNIX Printing System (CUPS) service. As a nonadministrative user, you don t have a lot of control over how the printers are configured. You can, however, check which printers are available to print to, check the status of print queues (documents waiting to print), and remove any of your own queued print jobs. Refer to Chapter 26 for information on configuring a printer using the CUPS service. Printing to the Default Printer When your system administrator (or you) configured printers for your computer, one of those printers was defined as the default printer. If you are not sure which printer is your default in a Fedora Core or other Red Hat Linux distribution, type system-config-printer and look for the printer with the check by it. For other Linux distributions, check the CUPS Web-based interface to see how your printers are configured. Most graphical word processors, such as StarOffice Writer and OpenOffice.org Writer, let you choose a printer from those available. Some of the less sophisticated Linux utilities that run from the command line, however, use only the default printer. For example, dvips (to print a PostScript file) and groff -l (to print a troff/nroff file) automatically send the output to the default printer. As a regular user, you can override the default printer using the PRINTER environment variable. If the default printer on your computer is lp0, for example, and you want to print regularly to lp1, change your default printer by setting the PRINTER variable as follows: $ export PRINTER=lp1 To have this take effect all the time, you can add this line to one of your shell configuration files (such as $HOME/.bashrc, if you use the bash shell). Printing from the Shell The lpr command is used to print files from the shell. You can use lpr to print whether the LPRng or CUPS print service is being used. If you have a file already formatted, use lpr to print it. For example, if you have a PostScript output file (file.ps) and you want to print it to your PostScript printer, use the following command line: $ lpr file.ps Cross- Reference
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574 Part IV . Running Applications Figure 21-11: The DocBook file is output in HTML with the db2html command. From this point, you can continue to add content and different types of tags. If you are writing documents for a particular project (such as the Linux projects mentioned earlier), you should get information on the particular tags and other style issues they require. Converting DocBook Documents The previous example shows how to create a simple DocBook document and convert it to HTML output. The following utilities convert DocBook to other formats: . docbook2dvi Device Independent file format . docbook2html HTML format . docbook2man Man page format . docbook2pdf Portable Document Format (PDF) . docbook2ps PostScript format . docbook2rtf Rich Text Format (RTF) . docbook2 texvTeX format . docbook2texi GNU TeXinfo format . docbook2txt Bare text format
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Chapter 21 . Working with Words and Images 573 In this article, you will learn how to price, negotiate for, and purchase an automobile.

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You should notice a few things about this document. The entire document is wrapped in article tags (

). The article title is in title tags (). The section tags (

) indicate sections of text that each have a title and paragraph. These sections can later be treated separately in the TOC. 4. Save the file and exit from the text editor. 5. Next, you can try translating the document you just created into several different formats. For example, to create HTML output, you can type the following: $ db2html cardoc.xml The result is a new directory called cardoc. The result from db2html in the cardoc directory is the creation of a stylesheet-images directory, a t2.html file, and an x12.html file. To view the HTML file just created, I typed the following: $ epiphany $HOME/doctest/cardoc/t2.html Figure 21-11 shows an example of the output created from the db2html command. The screen on the left shows the first page. Click the Next link at the top of the page. The second page that you see is shown on the right. During conversion to HTML, the db2html command adds Next/Previous buttons to each page. It also puts the title of each section in a Table of Contents on page one and in the browser s title bar.
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572 Part IV . Running Applications DocBook is important to the Linux community because many open source projects use it to produce documentation. For example, the following is a list of organizations that use DocBook to create the documents that describe their software: . Linux Documentation Project (www.tldp.org/LDP/LDP-Author-Guide) . GNOME Documentation (developer.gnome.org/projects/gdp/ handbook/gdp-handbook) . KDE Documentation Project (www.kde.org/documentation) . FreeBSD Documentation Project (www.freebsd.org/docproj) If you want to contribute to any of these documentation projects, refer to the Web sites for each organization. In all cases, they publish writers guides or style guides that describe the DocBook tags that they support. Creating DocBook Documents You can create the documents in any text editor, using tags that are similar in appearance to HTML tags (with beginning and end tags appearing between lessthan and greater-than signs). Certain word-processing programs also allow you to create DocBook markup. The following steps show an example of a simple DocBook XML document produced with a plain-text editor and output into HTML using tools that are available in many Linux systems. The DocBook DTD is available in both SGML and XML forms. Of the two, the XML form is actively maintained. 1. Create a directory in your home directory to work in and go to that directory. For example, you can type the following from a Terminal window: $ mkdir $HOME/doctest $ cd $HOME/doctest 2. Open a text editor to hold your DocBook document. For example, you can type: $ gedit cardoc.xml (A text editor such as jedit, which you can get at www.jedit.org, can also be useful for dealing with the long tag names used in DocBook.) 3. Enter the tags and text that you want to appear in your document. Most DocBook documents are either type (large, multichapter documents) or

type (single-chapter documents). To try out a DocBook document, type the following:

Note
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Chapter 21 . Working with Words and Images 571 Building Structured Documents Documentation projects often need to produce documents that are output in a variety of formats. For example, the same text that describes how to use a software program may need to be output as a printed manual, an HTML page, and a PostScript file. The standards that have been embraced most recently by the Linux community for creating what are referred to as structured documents are SGML and XML. The specific document type definition (DTD) used to produce Linux documentation is called DocBook. Understanding SGML and XML Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) was created to provide a standard way of marking text so that it could be output later in a variety of formats. Because SGML markup is done with text tags, you can create SGML documents using any plain-text editor. Documents consist of the text of your document and tags that identify each type of information in the text. Unlike markup languages such as Groff and TeX, SGML markup is not intended to enforce a particular look when you are creating the document. So, for example, instead of marking a piece of text as being bold or italic, you would identify it as an address, a paragraph, or a name. Later, a style sheet would be applied to the document to assign a look and presentation to the tagged text. HTML is an example of SGML markup. Because SGML consists of many tags, other projects have cropped up to simplify producing documents based on SGML and to better focus the ways in which SGML is used. In particular, the Extensible Markup Language (XML) was created to offer a manageable subset of SGML that would be specifically tailored to work well with Web-based publishing. So far in this description of SGML and XML, I ve discussed only the frameworks that are used to produce structured documents. Specific documentation projects need to create and, to some extent, enforce specific markup definitions for the type of documents they need to produce. These definitions are referred to as Data Type Definitions (DTDs). For documentation of Linux itself and other open source projects, DocBook has become the DTD of choice. Understanding DocBook DocBook is a DTD that is well suited for producing computer software documents in a variety of formats. It was originally created by the OASIS Consortium (www.oasisopen. org) and is now supported by many different commercial and open source tools. DocBook s focus is on marking content, instead of indicating a particular look (that is, font type, size, position, and so on). It includes markup that lets you automate the process of creating indices, figure lists, and tables of contents, to name a few.
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570 Part IV . Running Applications Table 21-2 (continued) Utility Converts To pbm2g3 Portable bitmap image Fax file (Group 3) pdf2dsc PDF file PostScript document dsc file (The PostScript file conforms to Adobe Document Structuring Conventions. The output enables PostScript readers such as Ghostview to read the PDF file one page at a time.) pdf2ps PDF file PostScript file (level 2) pfb2pfa Type 1 PostScript font ASCII-readable (binary MS-DOS ) pk2bm TeX pkfont font file Bitmap (ASCII file) ppm2tiff PPM image file TIFF format ps2ascii PostScript or PDF file ASCII text ps2epsi PostScript file Encapsulated PostScript (EPSI) (Some word-processing and graphics programs can read EPSI. Output is often low quality.) ps2pdf PostScript file Portable Document Format (PDF) ps2pk Type 1 PostScript font TeX pkfont pstotext PostScript file ASCII text (pstotext is similar to ps2ascii but handles font encoding and kerning better. It doesn t convert PDFs.) ras2tiff Sun raster file TIFF format texi2html Texinfo file HTML tiff2bw RGB or Palette color Grayscale TIFF image TIFF image tiff2ps TIFF image PostScript unix2dos UNIX (Linux) text file DOS text file Many graphical applications, such as the GIMP, also enable you to save images into several different formats (BMP, JPEG, PNG, TIFF, and so on), using the Save As feature.
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Chapter 21 . Working with Words and Images 569 . To display a DVI file in an X window, type the following: $ xdvi filename.dvi To print a DVI file to a PCL printer, such as an HP LaserJet, type the following: $ dvicopy filename.dvi $ dvilj filename.dvi The dvilj command doesn t support virtual fonts directly. The dvicopy command converts the fonts so that the PCL printer can handle them. Converting Documents Documents can come to you in many different formats. Search just some of the Linux FTP sites on the Internet and you will find files in PostScript, DVI, man, PDF, HTML, and TeX. There are also a variety of graphics formats. Table 21-2 is a list of common document and graphics conversion utilities. Table 21-2 Document and Graphics Conversion Utilities Utility Converts To dos2unix DOS text file UNIX (Linux) text file fax2ps TIFF facsimile image files Compressed PostScript format (The PostScript output is optimized to send to a printer on a low-speed line. This format is less efficient for images with a lot of black or continuous tones, for which tiff2ps might be more effective.) fax2tiff Fax data (Group 3 or TIFF format (The output is either Group 4) low-resolution or medium-resolution TIFF format.) g32pbm Group 3 fax file (either Portable bitmap digifax or raw) gif2tiff GIF (87) file TIFF format man2html Man page HTML format pal2rgb TIFF image (palette color) Full-color RGB image Continued
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568 Part IV . Running Applications To start your first document, I recommend that you select one of the templates provided with LyX. Templates are located in /usr/share/lyx/templates. To open a template, click File.New from Template. A list of available templates appears. You can use them to create letters, slides, and articles, for example. Besides offering standard editing functions, such as cut, copy, and paste, the Layout menu enables you to perform a variety of markup functions. As for mathematical functions, the Math menu enables you to insert fractions, square root, exponent, sum, and integral functions into your document. When you are done, you can: . Print the file to a PostScript printer or output a PostScript (.ps) file. (Click File.Print, select the printing method, and then click OK.) . Export the file to LaTeX, DVI, PostScript, or ASCII Text. (Click File.Export and choose from the list of file formats.) LyX calls itself a WYSIWYM editor What You Say Is What You Mean. As a result, what you see on the screen as you edit is not exactly what the printed document will look like. For example, no extra white space appears between lines by pressing Enter multiple times. Because LyX supports style files, it enables you to create documents that meet several different standards. For example, LyX supports typesetting for the American Mathematics Society (AMS) journals using the article text class. Other text classes supported include: . article One-sided paper with no chapters. . report Two-sided report that tends to be longer than an article. . book Same as report, with additional front and back matter. . slides For producing transparencies. . letter Includes special environments for addresses, signatures, and other elements. Printing LaTeX Files Whether you create your own LaTeX file, export one from the LyX LaTeX editor, or download one from the Internet, several utilities are available to format, print, or display the output. Here are some of your choices: . To format a LaTeX file (filename.tex), run the following command: $ latex filename.tex . To print a DVI file (filename.dvi), send it to your default PostScript printer, and type the following: $ dvips filename.dvi
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Chapter 21 . Working with Words and Images 567 document. The minimum amount of formatting that a LaTeX document can contain is the following: documentclass{name} begin{document} TEXT GOES HERE! end{document} Replace {name} with the name of the class of document you are creating. The text for the file, along with your formatting commands, goes between the begin and end document commands. The best way to get started with LaTeX is to use the LyX editor, which provides a GUI for creating LaTeX documents. It also contains a variety of templates you can use instead of just creating a document from scratch. Figure 21-10 shows an example of the LyX editor. Figure 21-10: Create LaTeX documents graphically with the LyX editor. If you want to edit LaTeX in a regular text editor, you must be familiar with the LaTeX commands. For a complete listing of the LaTeX commands, type info latex and then read the Commands within a LaTeX Document text that appears. Using the LyX LaTeX Editor Start the LyX LaTeX editor with the lyx command. LyX comes with a lot of supporting documentation. Click Help to select a tutorial, user s guide, or other information.
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