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Chapter 26 . Running a Print Server 701 Resolution Select the default printing resolution (such as 300, 600, or 1,200 dots per inch). Higher resolutions result in better quality but take longer to print. Printing Mode Choose to print in grayscale or color. 4. Click OK when you are satisfied with the changes you made to the local printer. Configuring Remote Printers in Red Hat To use a printer that is available on your network, you must identify that printer to your Linux system. Supported remote printer connections include Networked CUPS (IPP) printers, Networked UNIX (LPD) printers, Networked Windows (SMB) printers, NetWare printers, and JetDirect printers. (Of course, both CUPS and UNIX print servers can be run from Linux systems as well as other UNIX systems.) In each case, you need a network connection from your Linux system to the servers to which those printers are connected. To use a remote printer requires that someone set up that printer on the remote server computer. See the section Configuring Print Servers later in this chapter for information on how to do that on your Linux server. Use the Printer Configuration window to configure each of the remote printer types: 1. In Fedora, select System Settings.Printing. 2. Click New. The Add a New Printer Queue window appears. 3. Click Forward. The Queue Name window appears. 4. Type a short name and description of the printer and click Forward. 5. Click the Select a Queue Type box and select one of the following: Networked CUPS (IPP) Networked UNIX (LPD) Networked Windows (SMB) Networked Novell (NCP) Networked JetDirect 6. Click Forward. Continue with the steps in whichever of the following sections is appropriate.
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700 Part V . Running Servers Printing should be working at this point. (If you want to share this printer with other computers on your network, refer to the Configuring Print Servers section of this chapter.) Adding a printer in the K Desktop Environment (KDE) is very similar to the GNOME process. Select System Menu.Printing System.Add Printer; the New Printer Wizard opens. See http://docs.kde.org/developmenten/kdebase/ kdeprint/ for more details on using the New Printer Wizard (and printing in general) with KDE. Editing a Local Printer in Red Hat After you have created a printer queue, you can edit the printer queue definitions to change how the printer behaves. From the Printer Configuration window, do the following: 1. Select your printer, and click Edit. The Edit a Print Queue page appears. The following steps describe how to change options besides those you added originally. 2. Click the Queue Options tab. From this tab, you can: Add banner pages at the beginning and/or end of a job This is good practice for a printer shared by many people. The banner page helps you sort who gets which print job. The standard banner page shows the ID of the print job, the title of the file, the user who requested the print job, and any billing information associated with it. Change the image area by setting all four side margins The default is 36 points (one inch) on all four margins. You can adjust any of the four margins. Add or remove filter options. These options define attributes of printing to the selected printer. Click the Add button to see queue options you can add. Options are stored in the /etc/cups/lpoptions file for each printer. Options that you might want to change include cpi (print text documents 10, 12, or 17 characters per inch) or lpi (print text documents 6 or 8 lines per inch). For descriptions of other options, check out the CUPS Internet Printing Protocol page (/usr/share/doc/cups-*/ipp.html). 3. Click Driver Options to set defaults for options related to the printer driver. You can override many of these options when you print a document. Here are a few of the options you might want to set: Media Source For multitray printers, you can select which tray to use by default. Page Size The default is U.S. letter size, but you can also ask the printer to print legal size, envelopes, or ISO A4 and A3 standard pages. Note
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Chapter 26 . Running a Print Server 699 If you intend to connect your printer later, or for some reason it s not being scanned, click Custom Device and specify the device name where the printer will be found. 7. Click Forward. The Printer Model window opens. 8. Click the arrow on the Select Manufacturer box, and then choose the manufacturer of your printer. From the list that appears, select your printer model. If your printer doesn t appear on the list but supports PCL (HP s Printer Control Language), try selecting one of the HP printers (such as HP LaserJet). If your printer supports PostScript, select PostScript printer from the list. Selecting Raw Print Queue enables you to send to the printer documents that are already formatted for that printer type. 9. Click the Notes button. In many cases, you ll see good information from the Linux Printing Database about how your printer is configured and how to tune it further. (Close the information window when you are done.) Click OK to continue. 10. If the information looks correct, click Finish to create the entry for your printer. 11. A pop-up window asks if you want to print a test page. Click Yes, and click Yes again when told the test page has printed. The test page tells you interesting information about your printer, the resolution, and the type of interpreter used (such as PostScript), for example. The printer appears in the main Printer Configuration window. If it is the only printer configured, a check mark appears next to it, identifying it as the default printer. As you add other printers, you can change the default printer by selecting the one you want and clicking the Default button. 12. From the Printer Configuration window, choose Apply to save the changes (if necessary). If you have no other printers to add, you can close the Printer Configuration window at this point (select Action.Quit), or you can try more tests. If you would like to try other test pages, click Test and select one of the following: US Letter PostScript test page Sends a letter-sized (8.5 11 inch) page to the printer in PostScript format. If you have a color printer, the page appears in color. A4 PostScript test page Sends an A4 PostScript-formatted page to the printer. ASCII text test page Sends plain text to the named printer. Duplex test Sends a test page to see if the printer is in half or full duplex. JPEG test Sends a JPEG image to the printer. Tip
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698 Part V . Running Servers Adding a Local Printer in Red Hat To add a local printer from Fedora or other Red Hat Linux systems, follow these steps: 1. Select System Settings.Printing from the main menu or type the following as root user from a Terminal window: # system-config-printer & The Printer Configuration window appears. 2. Click New. An Add a New Print Queue window appears. 3. Click Forward. The Queue name window (Figure 26-3) opens. Figure 26-3: Add printers connected locally or remotely with the Printer Configuration window. 4. Add the following information: Name Add the name you want to give to identify the printer. The name must begin with a letter, but after the initial letter, it can contain a combination of letters, numbers, dashes (-), and underscores (_). For example, an HP printer on a computer named maple could be named hp-maple. Description Add a few words describing the printer, such as its features (an HP LaserJet 2100M with PCL and PS support) or its location (in Room 205 under the coffeepot). 5. Click Forward. The Queue Type window appears. 6. Select Locally connected, choose the device to which the printer is connected (/dev/lp0, /dev/usb/lp0, and /dev/ttyS0 are the first parallel, usb, and serial ports, respectively), and click Forward. (Type lpinfo -v | less to see all available ports.) Alternatively, you can do one of the following: If your printer is not on the list because you have not yet connected it, connect it now and select Rescan Devices to have your computer try again to detect the printer.
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Chapter 26 . Running a Print Server 697 Configuring Local Printers in Red Hat Add a local printer (in other words, a printer connected directly to your computer) with the Printer Configuration window using the following procedure. (See the Choosing a Printer sidebar if you don t yet have a printer.) Connect your printer before starting this procedure. This enables the printer software to autodetect the printer s location and to immediately test the printer when you have finished adding it. Tip Choosing a Printer The PostScript language is the preferred format for Linux and UNIX printing and has been for many years. Every major word-processing product that runs on Fedora, Red Hat Linux, SUSE, Debian, and UNIX systems supports PostScript printing, so a printer that natively supports PostScript printing is sure to work in Linux. If you get a PostScript printer and it is not explicitly shown in the list of supported printers, simply select the PostScript filter when you install the printer locally. No special drivers are needed. Your next best option is to choose a printer that supports PCL. In either case, make sure that the PostScript or PCL is implemented in the printer hardware and not in the Windows driver. Avoid printers that are referred to as Winprinters. These printers use nonstandard printing interfaces (those other than PostScript or PCL). Support for these low-end printers is hit or miss. For example, some low-end HP DeskJet printers use the pnm2ppa driver to print documents in Printing Performance Architecture (PPA) format. Some Lexmark printers use the pbm217k driver to print. Although drivers are available for many of these Winprinters, many of them are not fully supported. Ghostscript may also support your printer; if it does, you can use it to do your printing. Ghostscript (found at www.ghostscript.com) is a free PostScript-interpreter program. It can convert PostScript content to output that can be interpreted by a variety of printers. There are both GNU and Aladdin Ghostscript drivers available. Although the latest Aladdin drivers are not immediately released under the GPL, you can use older Aladdin drivers that are licensed under the GNU. You ll find an excellent list of printers supported in Linux at www.linuxprinting.org (select the Printer Listing link). I strongly recommend that you visit that site before you purchase a printer to work with Linux. In addition to showing supported printers, the site also has a page describing how to choose a printer for use with Linux (www.linuxprinting .org/suggested.html).
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696 Part V . Running Servers Figure 26-2: Print test pages or temporarily stop printing from the Printers page. Using the Red Hat Printer Configuration Window If you are using Fedora, RHEL, or other Red Hat Linux systems, you can use the Printer Configuration window to set up your printers. In fact, it s recommended that you use it instead of CUPS Web administration because the resulting printer configuration files are tailored to work with Red Hat systems. To install a printer from your GNOME desktop in Fedora, start the Printer Configuration window by selecting System Setting.Printing (or as root user by typing system-config-printer). This tool lets you add and delete printers and edit printer properties. It also lets you send test pages to those printers to make sure they are working properly. The key here is that you are configuring printers that are managed by your print daemon (cupsd for the CUPS service). After a printer is configured, users on your local system can use it. Subsequently, you can refer to the Configuring Print Servers section to learn how to make the server available to users from other computers on your network. The printers that you set up can be connected directly to your computer (as on a parallel port) or to another computer on the network (for example, from another UNIX system or Windows system).
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Chapter 26 . Running a Print Server 695 From the computer at address 10.0.0.5, you would type: http://localhost:631/admin (substituting the CUPS server s name or IP address for localhost), and when prompted, enter the root username and password. Now, with the Admin screen displayed, here s how to set up a printer: 1. Click the Add Printer button. The Add New Printer screen appears. 2. Type a name, location, and description for the printer and click Continue. 3. Select the device to which the printer is connected. The printer can be connected locally to a parallel, SCSI, serial, or USB port directly on the computer. Alternatively, you can select a network connection type for Apple printers (appSocket/HP JetDirect), Internet Printing Protocol (http or ipp), or a Windows printer (using SAMBA or SMB). 4. If prompted for more information, you may need to further describe the connection to the printer. For example, you may need to enter the baud rate and parity for a serial port, or you might be asked for the network address for an IPP or Samba printer. 5. Select the make of the print driver (if you don t see the manufacturer of your printer listed, choose PostScript for a PostScript printer or HP for a PCL printer). For the make you choose, you will be able to select a specific model. 6. If the printer is added successfully, the next page you see shows a link to the description of that printer. Click that link. From the new printer page, you can print a test page or modify the printer configuration. After you are able to print from CUPS, you can return to the CUPS Web-based administration page and do further work with your printers. Here are a few examples of what you can do: . List print jobs Click Jobs to see what print jobs are currently active from any of the printers configured for this server. Click Show Completed Jobs to see information about jobs that are already printed. . Create a printer class Click Classes; then click Add Class and identify a name and location for a printer class. Click Continue. Then, from the list of Printers configured on your server, select the ones to go into this class. . View printers You can click the Printers link from the top of any of the CUPS Web-based administration pages to view the printers you have configured. For each printer that appears, you can click Stop Printer (to stop the printer from printing but still accept print jobs for the queue), Reject Jobs (to not accept any further print jobs for the moment), or Print Test Page (to print a page). Figure 26-2 shows the Printers page.
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694 Part V . Running Servers If CUPS is already running on your computer, you can immediately use CUPS Webbased administration from your Web browser. To see if CUPS is running and start setting up your printers, open a Web browser on the local computer and type the following into its location box: http://localhost:631/admin You are prompted for a valid login name and password. Type the root login name and the root user s password, and then click OK. A screen similar to the one shown in Figure 26-1 appears. Figure 26-1: CUPS provides a Web-based administration tool. By default, Web-based CUPS administration is available only from the local host. To access Web-based CUPS administration from another computer, you must change the /admin section in the /etc/cups/cupsd.conf file. As recommended in the text of this file, you should limit access to CUPS administration from the Web. The following example includes an Allow line to permit access from a host from IP address 10.0.0.5 (you must also change the Listen 127.0.0.1:631 line to listen outside your local host, as described a bit later). AuthType Basic AuthClass System Order Deny, Allow Deny from All Allow From 127.0.0.1 Allow From 10.0.0.5
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Chapter 26 . Running a Print Server 693 . CUPS offers a Web-based interface for adding and managing printers. You can access this service by typing localhost:631 from a Web browser on the computer running the CUPS service. (See the section Using Web-Based CUPS Administration, later in this chapter.) The KDE desktop comes with a tool for managing CUPS server features. To launch the KDE CUPS Server Configuration window, type /usr/bin/cupsdconf from a Terminal window. . You also can configure CUPS manually (that is, edit the configuration files and start the cupsd daemon manually). Configuration files for CUPS are contained in the /etc/cups directory. In particular, you might be interested in the cupsd .conf file, which identifies permission, authentication, and other information for the printer daemon, and printers.conf, which identifies addresses and options for configured printers. Use the classes.conf file to define local printer classes. You can print to CUPS from non-UNIX systems as well. For example, you can use a PostScript printer driver to print directly from Windows XP to your CUPS server. You can use CUPS without modification by configuring the XP computer with a PostScript driver that uses http://printservername:631printers/targetPrinter as its printing port. To use CUPS, you need to have it installed. Most Linux distributions let you choose to add CUPS during the initial system install or will simply add CUPS by default. If CUPS was not added when you first installed your Linux distribution, check your original installation medium (DVD or CD) to see if it is there for you to install now. Fedora, Slackware, SUSE, and many other Linux distributions have CUPS on the first CD or DVD of their installation sets. Setting Up Printers While it is usually best to use the printer administration tools specifically built for your distribution, many Linux systems simply rely on the tools that come with the CUPS software package. This section explores how to use CUPS Web-based administration tools that come with every Linux distribution and then examines the printer configuration tool system-config-printer that comes with Fedora and Red Hat Enterprise Linux systems for setting up printers. Using Web-Based CUPS Administration CUPS offers its own Web-based administrative tool for adding, deleting, and modifying printer configurations on your computer. The CUPS print service (using the cupsd daemon) listens on port 631 to provide access to the CUPS Web-based administrative interface. Note
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692 Part V . Running Servers Common UNIX Printing Service CUPS has become the standard for printing from Linux and other UNIX-like operating systems. It was designed to meet today s needs for standardized printer definitions and sharing on IP-based networks (as most computer networks are today). Nearly every Linux distribution today comes with CUPS as its printing service. Here are some of the service s features: . IPP CUPS is based on the Internet Printing Protocol (www.pwg.org/ipp), a standard that was created to simplify how printers can be shared over IP networks. In the IPP model, printer servers and clients who want to print can exchange information about the model and features of a printer using HTTP (that is, Web content) protocol. A server can also broadcast the availability of a printer so a printing client can easily find a list of locally available printers. . Drivers CUPS also standardized how printer drivers are created. The idea was to have a common format that could be used by printer manufacturers so that a driver could work across all different types of UNIX systems. That way, a manufacturer had to create the driver only once to work for Linux, Mac OS X, and a variety of UNIX derivatives. . Printer classes You can use printer classes to create multiple print server entries that point to the same printer or one print server entry that points to multiple printers. In the first case, multiple entries can each allow different options (such as pointing to a particular paper tray or printing with certain character sizes or margins). In the second case, you can have a pool of printers so that printing is distributed, decreasing the occurrence of congested print queues often caused by a malfunctioning printer or a printer that is dealing with very large documents. . UNIX print commands To integrate into Linux and other UNIX environments, CUPS offers versions of standard commands for printing and managing printers that have been traditionally offered with UNIX systems. Many Linux distributions come with simplified methods of configuring CUPS printers. Here are two examples: . In Fedora and other Red Hat Linux systems, the Printer Configuration window (system-config-printer command) enables you to configure printers that use the CUPS facility. . In SUSE, the YaST facility includes a printer configuration module. From the YaST Control Center, select Hardware.Printer. For distributions that don t have their own printer configuration tools, there are several ways to configure CUPS using tools that aren t specific to a Linux distribution. Here are a couple of them:
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